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is there gonna be a video on plant structure/ reproduction? it would really help :(
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Jasper011

by Jasper011 at January 21, 2010

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i hope. i havent started biology but i here it can be confusing. good luck though!
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tori. tori. January 22, 2010

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Unfortunately, we just didn't have time to do that.  I do sneak in some of the basics of plant structure (the vascular tissue= phloem & xylem, etc), but in my experience, the number of questions in May on plant structure beyond some of the functional stuff (knowing that xylem is for water transport up to the leaves, etc) is usually small, so I chose to focus on the stuff that is usually a bigger fraction and/or harder, like photosynthesis.  If I get a chance, I'll write a very brief summary here (not enough to get an A on an unit test where the teacher may focus on the difference between sclerenchyma and collenchyma (unlikely unless they were a botany major), but sufficient to do fine on the AP exam).  If it's something people want, I'll see if the Brightstorm people can add a short studyguide I wrote up for my students briefly summarizing the plant hormones and plant response patterns.
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PRoisen PRoisen January 23, 2010

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Here, in many sections because of the comment length restrictions, is a brief overview.Basics of plant structure (that you’ll want to know for the AP Biology test). Three main areas of interest: Root, Stem, and Leaf. The root and stem both have “apical meristems” that they use for growing longer (“primary growth”). A meristem is a group of “undifferentiated” (unspecialized) cells whose function is to do rapid cell division (mitosis) to make more cells for the plant. As the cells divide, adding cells to the ends of the root or stem, they leave behind cells that slowly mature and enlarge into the specialized layers of the root or stem. The root apical meristem also produces some extra cells ahead of the rest of the meristem cells that form a “root cap.” The cells of the root cap help protect the delicate cells of the meristem as the root grows into soil (like how dead skin cells on the surface of your skin protect the living cells below). The meristem can be divided into:
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PRoisen PRoisen February 06, 2010

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Sorry this is in reverse order.The official AP lab on mitosis includes looking at a root tip since the meristematic tissue will be doing a lot of mitosis, so you should know some of the basic regions. At the very tip will be the root cap surrounding the area of rapid cell division. Going further along the root you’ll see the zone of elongation where the cells are elongating as they pump water into their central vacuole to put pressure on their cell walls. Finally is the zone of maturation If a plant root or stem is to grow wider (“secondary growth”), it typically will do it using secondary meristems called “cambiums.” Cork Cambium- produces the “cork” or bark on the outside of a branch Vascular Cambium- produces the phloem and xylem. It will produce more xylem cells towards the middle of the plant(creating the rings over time), and more phloem towards the outside of the branch or trunk, leaving the vascular cambium in a thin layer sandwiched between them.
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PRoisen PRoisen February 06, 2010

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The leaf is the main site of photosynthesis. It is typically attached to the stem by a short petiole. 1.  The epidermis (upper and lower) produces the cuticle, a waxy layer that helps keep in water, etc. Usually on the lower epidermis are openings called stomata that allow the exchange of CO2, O2, and H2O in and out of the rest of the leaf. There are two guard cells that usually swell up w/water in the day, opening the stomata, then deflate during the night to close the stomata.2. The mesophyll (middle of the leaf)- this is where most of the photosynthesis occurs. There’s the palisade layer just below the upper epidermis that has tightly packed cells. Below that is the spongy mesophyll with its many air gaps that allow gases (CO2, O2, and H2O) to be absorbed/released ultimately through the stomata.
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PRoisen PRoisen February 06, 2010

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