how do batteries create potential difference?

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Batteries do not create or destroy any particles, and batteries do not begin or end with any net charge other than net neutral. What ever electrons will exit the battery at the negative terminal will re-enter at the positive terminal. Also, battery terminals do not change their charge as they get used up. A capacitor, a passive electrostatic device of two metal plates separated by an insulating dielectric gap, is a device which changes its plate charges as they store or deliver energy. Batteries aren't capacitors. Batteries involve chemical reactions as well, and capacitors do not. All that the battery does is re-energize the electrons to produce the voltage difference across its terminals. The energy source is electro-chemical redox reactions within the battery which cause this to occur.